Relative time words are acceptable when very long periods, such as geological epochs, are considered: Our ancestors are believed to have diverged from the great apes long ago, but only recently developed the use of fire. To help editors keep information up to date, statements about current and future events may be used with the as of technique. This technique is not an alternative to using precise language.
Before saving an edited passage, it is useful to re-read that passage from the perspective of a reader five years in the future. Context determines whether the or hour clock is used; in both, colons separate hours, minutes and seconds e. Time of day is normally expressed in figures rather than being spelled out. For details, and information on time intervals e.
The following date styles are acceptable in Wikipedia articles, subject to rules included thereafter:. Dates of birth and death are provided in articles on people, most notably at the start of articles.
In biographical infobox templates, provide age calculation and microformat compatibility with date mathematics templates. Dates that are given as ranges should follow the same patterns as given above for birth and death dates.
Dates should not be linked purely for the purpose of autoformatting even though linking was previously recommended. Dates can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as the date in either the Julian or Gregorian calendars is provided, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, this must be clear to readers.
The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources. If the reliable secondary sources disagree, choose the most common used by reliable secondary sources and note the usage in a footnote. At some places and times, dates other than 1 January were used as the start of the year.
The most common English-language convention was the Annunciation Style used in Britain and its colonies until , in which the year started on 25 March, Annunciation Day; see the New Year article for a list of other styles. If there is a need to mention Old Style or New Style dates in an article as in the Glorious Revolution , a footnote should be provided on the first usage, stating whether the New Style refers to a start of year adjustment or to the Gregorian calendar it can mean either.
When writing a date, first consider where the event happened and use the time zone there. If it is difficult to judge where , consider what is significant. For example, if a hacker based in Japan attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect.
As a general rule, in the body of an article, single-digit whole numbers from zero to nine are spelled out in words; numbers greater than nine, if they are expressed in one or two words, may be rendered in numerals or in words 16 or sixteen , 84 or eighty-four , or two hundred ; those requiring more than two words are given in numerals 3. This applies to both ordinal and cardinal numbers.
However there are frequent exceptions to these rules. The use of hyphen-minuses - instead of proper minus signs has several disadvantages and should be avoided.
The preferred way to indicate a repeating decimal is to place a bar over the digits that repeat. For example, the markup Consider a short explanation of this notation called a vinculum the first time it is used in an article. Some authors place the repeating digits in parentheses rather than using an overbar perhaps because overbars are not available in their typesetting environment but this should be avoided in Wikipedia to avoid confusion with expressing uncertainty.
For other articles, Wikipedia has adopted a system of writing a "main" quantity followed by a conversion in parentheses see Unit conversions below. Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, follow the "primary" quantity with a conversion in parentheses. This enables more readers to understand the quantity.
Examples: the Mississippi River is 2, miles 3, km long ; the Murray River is 2, kilometres 1, mi long. Conversion errors may occur in general reports, so use the primary sources or the most authoritative sources available. When common conversion factors are given as quantities, this is a clue that there may be conversion problems. See uncertainty in data above. Straightforward and accurate conversion may not be possible for loose estimates.
For example, if the diameter of a moon is estimated to be 10 miles to within an order of magnitude, any simple conversion to kilometers would introduce a significant loss of accuracy or a gross change in precision.
A secondary source will commonly convert such an estimate to a specious 16 km. Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources; the following guidelines may be helpful:. American spellings of unit names should be used on pages written in American English.
See "Specific units" section. However, it has not redefined tera or any larger decimal prefixes. Because of that, there may be some confusion related to these three prefixes. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory such as RAM [ citation needed ] , while the decimal meanings are more common for all other usages. The IEC prefixes kibi- , mebi- , gibi- , etc. Wikipedia follows common practice regarding bytes and other data traditionally quantified using binary prefixes e.
MB and KB. Despite the IEC's guideline creating several new binary prefixes e. These coordinates are in degrees , minutes, and seconds of arc. Other optional parameters are separated by a pipe " " :.
Geographical coordinates on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates.
As long as the templates are adhered to, a robot performs the functions automatically. Increasing or decreasing the number of decimal places can control the precision. Trailing zeroes should be included, so that both values have the same level of precision. Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the less precise the coordinates should be.
For example, Cunningham and Starr write that "B. Common Era notation is used in many schools and academic settings. Later on, it was found Jesus likely wasn't born that year , but a few years earlier i.
Marking it as the "Christian Era" or more commonly, the "Common Era" allows the same epoch to be used even though the best calculation for Jesus's birth has changed. While Christians make up a very large chunk of the world's population, they are no where near the majority. When "Christian Era" is used, it's still clear what epoch is being referred to i.
Modern dates are understood in the Western world to be in the Gregorian calendar, but for older dates writers should specify the calendar used. Dates in the Gregorian calendar in the Western world have always used the era designated in English as Anno Domini or Common Era, but over the millennia a wide variety of eras have been used with the Julian calendar. While this issue always seems to get mired in arguments about political correctness, I'd offer another perspective. They're inconsistent.
It's very strange that going across the arbitrary division line between two years also requires a change in the language of abbreviation. Also, traditional convention says that BC comes after a date e. While that convention is no longer universally maintained, it's odd and confusing. They're prone to misinterpretation. In particular, the language inconsistency noted above has given birth to a widely-held misconception that AD is an English abbreviation for after death i. Obviously this is wrong, but it was actually the first explanation I heard as a child, which then caused great confusion when I encountered a teacher telling me that it meant something else in some obscure dead language.
I'm not alone in having heard this false etymology, as many internet discussions will attest. They're literally wrong. As noted in a previous answer, the birth of Jesus Christ is now estimated by most scholars to have occurred at least a few years earlier.
I've seen everything from 7 to 2 BCE -- and yes, in this particular sentence, using the abbreviation BC seems to me an oxymoron. In any case, "common era" solves this problem by just admitting that we're using a common convention, which even Christian scholars now widely regard as inaccurate.
But it's still a convenient and "common" way of referring to our "era" of year reckoning. Insisting that we hold onto the older style too seems to be promoting ignorance of the fact that the abbreviations are literally false.
They cause confusion. One item of confusion occurs because of the erroneous after death etymology above. I distinctly recall asking someone about this when I was a small child: "So how do they number the years while Jesus was alive?
But even if we understand what AD means, the convention can create confusion even when Christian scholars are trying to refer to, well, the years around the time of Jesus Christ. Tutup saran Cari Cari. Pengaturan Pengguna. Lewati carousel.
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