Egyptian judge Mohammed Shirin Fahmi background listens to the testimony of former president Hosni Mubarak front , who was ousted following a popular uprisal in , during a session in the retrial of members of the now-banned Muslim Brotherhood over charges of plotting jailbreaks and attacks on police during the uprising, at a make-shift courthouse in southern Cairo on Dec. February 25, , PM.
Argument Amy Hawthorne , Andrew Miller. Voice Steven A. Tags: Authoritarianism , Egypt. November 11, , PM. Blame Brussels. Trending 1. Fiona Hill: U. Latest Analysis. Andrew Connelly. Or are they? The Month in World Photos. Trending Fiona Hill: U. In an attempt to assuage widespread Islamist demands, Mubarak permitted the Muslim Brotherhood a degree of freedom and their grassroots social services and piety fostered popularity. Although the Brotherhood was technically outlawed, their members were often allowed to run for parliament as independents.
Egypt underwent a process of relative economic liberalisation and privatisation under Mubarak. Yet, these broad-brush indicators masked a range of chronic social problems that included high inflation, unemployment in the double digits, and severe, entrenched poverty. Critics argued that the economic reforms enriched an elite group of businessmen and military officials, leading to widening inequality and corruption.
From onwards, worker strikes became a more common phenomenon. On the ground, thugs and the security forces attacked the demonstrations but the protesters could not be shaken from the streets. Mubarak stepped down as president on February 11, Many protesters, initially giddy with joy and disbelief, quickly realised that although they had toppled Mubarak, the system he had headed largely remained intact.
Many who experienced the chaos of the uprisings decided they preferred the order of a strongman ruler. El-Sisi was elected president in May During this time, Mubarak, his family members and his officials faced a series of charges in the courts. Mubarak was first detained in April In the court sessions, he appeared a frail figure: typically wearing sunglasses, lying on a gurney, his jaw set.
A life sentence in , on charges relating to the killing of hundreds of protesters, was overturned on appeal and a retrial was ordered. Insights into his personal corruption emerged. Mubarak was sentenced to three years imprisonment and his sons to four. These tools were used to oppress political opposition, particularly Islamic fundamentalists. Due to his stance against Islamists and his close ties with the United States, Mubarak was subject to several assassination attempts, namely one in when he was attending the African Union summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
In , Mubarak was under pressure from the United States to encourage democracy, so he allowed for other presidential candidates to run for the post. He won by a landslide, and the runner-up, Ayman Nour, was soon imprisoned on forgery charges widely believed to have been trumped up. Prior to that, Mubarak had been re-elected three times uncontested. During his 30 years as president, he had not appointed a vice president until January 29, when he appointed former Chief of Intelligence Omar Suleiman as vice president in an attempt to appease protesters.
On Nov.
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